These biosensor characteristics where chosen to provide a framework to understand the capabilities of each biorecognition element, and ultimately, how the biosensor performance is influenced by the selection of biorecognition element. of biosensors towards clinical success. Graphical Abstract Introduction The first biosensor, developed by Leland Clark over 55 years ago, combines glucose oxidase with an amperometric oxygen sensor.1 Since then, there has been an outbreak of activity and progress towards using biosensor technology in diagnostic applications, specifically towards point-of-care analysis of biomarkers.2C5 Biosensors are defined as having both a biorecognition element and a transducer. The biorecognition element is used for the specific sequestration of the target bioanalyte, and the transducer then creates a measurable signal for analysis. The first blood glucose biosensor has been a staple of the community, setting a standard of success for the development of novel biosensors, because of its simplicity, high sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility.1 Since the original glucose biosensor, many researchers across disciplines have advanced bioanalyte sensing using novel paradigms with improved biorecognition elements or Capsaicin transducer technology.6C10 Many biosensor review articles focus on signal transduction methods, or provide a detailed overview of biosensing capabilities and mechanisms of each biorecognition element paradigm.11C13 Whereas, this review will serve as a guide for the optimal selection of a biorecognition element in the initial design phase based on the biosensor characteristics: selectivity, level of sensitivity, reproducibility and reusability. Traditionally, a researcher will 1st select a biorecognition element design based on their teaching, and then apply the biosensor towards appropriate applications for the selected paradigm. Rather than relying on earlier teaching, we propose this review as a guide for researchers to select a biosensor paradigm based on the desired software. An early emphasis on the medical application during the biosensor design phase has the potential to enhance patient-centric point-of-care products and device convenience in low-resource areas. Within this review we focus on the advantages and limitations of each biorecognition element defined by the following biosensor characteristics: selectivity, level of sensitivity, reproducibility, and reusability. Large sensitivity is a large measurable switch in biosensor transmission like a function of small changes in bioanalyte concentration. Large selectivity shows the sensor will only respond to the prospective bioanalyte, disregarding all potential competing analytes in the sample. High Capsaicin reproducibility shows the ability to fabricate multiple identical detectors, with each sensor providing the same predictable response. Large reusability indicates the ability to reuse a single sensor multiple instances with a consistent sensor response. These biosensor characteristics where chosen to provide IL22R a framework to understand the capabilities of each biorecognition element, and ultimately, how the biosensor overall performance is affected by the Capsaicin selection of biorecognition element. Ideally, it is best to have high level of sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and reusability; however, typically biosensor development requires a tradeoff on these characteristics. Therefore, understanding the fundamental limitations of each biorecognition elements is needed to better inform decisions Capsaicin for biorecognition element selection in the initial design phase leading to the development of more robust biosensors. Biorecognition Elements The primary purpose of a biorecognition element is to provide analyte specificity for any biosensor. Specificity requires a strong and selective affinity between the biorecognition element and target bioanalyte. Several classes of biorecognition elements exist, providing rise to unique constructions that distinctively influence biosensor overall performance characteristics. Therefore, a fundamental understanding of the inherent characteristics of each biorecognition element is first needed before an in-depth analysis of biosensor overall performance may occur. Several biorecognition elements exist ranging from naturally happening to synthetic constructs. Naturally occurring biorecognition elements, such as antibodies and enzymes, are biologically derived constructs that take advantage of naturally-evolved physiological relationships to accomplish analyte specificity. Synthetic biorecognition elements are artificially manufactured constructions developed to mimic physiologically defined relationships. However, in the mix highways of natural and Capsaicin synthetic biorecognition elements, you will find pseudo-natural modalities possessing characteristics of both natural and synthetic acknowledgement methods. Pseudo-natural biorecognition elements are artificially manufactured supramolecular constructions using natural subunits. Each class of biorecognition element is comprised of several different types of acknowledgement structures, all of which cannot be discussed within this review. Instead, prominent biorecognition elements from each category will become briefly summarized to serve as a representative of each category. Antibody Antibodies are naturally happening 3D protein constructions, typically ~150 kDa in size, that can.